Photoshop — Adobe's industry-standard raster photo-editing software., Illustrator — Adobe's vector-based illustration software., Photopea — A free, browser-based editor compatible with Photoshop files — no install needed., Canva — A beginner-friendly, drag-and-drop design tool for quick social/print graphics., InDesign — Adobe's page-layout software for multi-page documents like magazines and books.

Graphic Design — Visual communication that uses images, typography and layout to convey a message., Typography — The art of arranging type so it is readable and visually appealing., Layout — How elements are arranged and positioned on a page or screen., Balance — How visual weight is distributed across a design., Contrast — Making one element stand out by making it different from the rest.

Workspace — The arrangement of menus, panels and tools you work in., Panels — Dockable windows like Layers, History and Properties., Pixel — The smallest square of colored light that makes up a raster image., Raster — Images made of a grid of pixels — detailed, but not infinitely scalable., Vector — Graphics built from math-based paths — scalable to any size without blurring.

Layer — Photoshop's building blocks — stacked, independent pieces of an image., Destructive Editing — Editing that permanently changes the original pixels., Non-Destructive Editing — Editing that preserves the original image and can be undone or adjusted later., Group — Organize multiple layers together into one folder., Opacity — Adjust how visible a layer is, from fully hidden to fully shown.

Select Subject / Background Remover — Automatically detects and separates the subject from its background., Smudge Tool — Pushes and blends pixels like wet paint — great for softening rough cutout edges., Fringe / White Line — A thin leftover strip of the old background color left behind around a cutout., Defringe / Contract — Shrinks a selection edge inward slightly to remove leftover background pixels., Layer Mask — Hides parts of a layer non-destructively so the cutout stays fully reversible.

Background Removal — Separates the main subject cleanly from the original background., Compositing — Moves a cut-out subject into a new image or environment and blends it with the scene., Gaussian Blur — A soft blur that reduces detail and simulates depth or distance., Depth of Field — The visual relationship between foreground, subject and background elements in a composite., Layer Mask — Adjusts the edges and mask of a cut-out so the subject blends naturally into its new environment.

Crop Tool — Trims the canvas down to an exact size and ratio., Passport Size (2x2 in) — The standard 2x2 inch dimension required for most ID and passport photos., Solid Color Fill — Replaces the background with a flat, regulation color — usually plain white., Dodge & Burn — Lightens or darkens areas to even out skin tone and lighting., Resolution (DPI) — Passport photos are typically saved at 300 DPI for sharp, print-quality results.

Transform — Changes an object's size, position, rotation, or perspective., Puppet Warp — Pin-based tool for flexible distortion., Control Points — Mesh points used to control a Puppet Warp transformation., Transform Controls — The handles and controls used to resize, rotate, and reposition an object., Non-Destructive Workflow — An editing approach that keeps the original information available for later changes.

Use Transform for controlled size, position, rotation, and perspective changes. Use Puppet Warp when you need more flexible, pin-based reshaping. Work non-destructively so the portrait can be adjusted again.